2. Cause and effect examples

Cause & Effect — Mixing Vinegar + Baking Soda Example

The general rule for the type of reaction is given as the reason.

For the nominalised version, “react” becomes “reaction” and “are seen” becomes “appearance”.

Reason (R): Acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas.

Observation (O): Bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder.

nomR: The reaction of an acid with a carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas

nomO: The appearance of bubbles when vinegar is added to baking powder

#	Pattern / Change	Scaffold	Model answer
1	Implied logical connection		Acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas. Bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder.
2a	Text connective	As a result, B.	Acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas. As a result, bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder.
2b	Text connective	Consequently, B.	Acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas. Consequently, bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder.
2c	Text connective	Therefore, B.	Acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas. Therefore, bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder.
3a	Conjunction	A hence B.	Acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas hence bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder.
3b	Conjunction	A so B.	Acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas so bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder.
4a	Subordinating conjunction	Because A, B.	Because acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas, bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder.
4b	Preposition	Due to nomA, B.	Due to the reaction of an acid with a carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas, bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder.
4c	Prepositional phrase	As a result of nomA, B.	As a result of the reaction of an acid with a carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas, bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder.
5a	Causal verb	nomA causes nomB.	The reaction of an acid with a carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas causes the appearance of bubbles when vinegar is added to baking powder.
5b	Causal verb	nomA results in nomB.	The reaction of an acid with a carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas results in the appearance of bubbles when vinegar is added to baking powder.
6a	Noun phrase	The result of nomA is nomB.	The result of the reaction of an acid with a carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas is the appearance of bubbles when vinegar is added to baking powder.
6b	Noun phrase	The cause of nomB is nomA.	The cause of the appearance of bubbles when vinegar is added to baking powder is the reaction of an acid with a carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas.
7a	Subordinating conjunction	B because A.	Bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder because acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas.
7b	Subordinating conjunction	B since A.	Bubbles are seen when vinegar is added to baking powder since acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas.
8a	Causal verb	nomB results from nomA.	The appearance of bubbles when vinegar is added to baking powder results from the reaction of an acid with a carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas.
8b	Causal verb	nomB occurs as a consequence of nomA.	The appearance of bubbles when vinegar is added to baking powder occurs as a consequence of the reaction of an acid with a carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas.
9a	Noun phrase	The reason for nomB is nomA.	The reason for the appearance of bubbles when vinegar is added to baking powder is the reaction of an acid with a carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas.
9b	Noun phrase	The cause of nomB is nomA.	The cause of the appearance of bubbles when vinegar is added to baking powder is the reaction of an acid with a carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas.