3. Cause and effect questions๏ƒ

Pattern 1: Implied logical connection

SET 1 โ€” Chemical Change (Gas Production)

R: Vinegar reacts with baking soda to form carbon dioxide gas.
O: Bubbles of gas appear rapidly in the mixture.
Task: Use the scaffold to explain O in terms of R.
Scaffold:
R.
O.
Reveal Answer Key

Vinegar reacts with baking soda to form carbon dioxide gas. Bubbles of gas appear rapidly in the mixture.

Pattern 2: Text connective

SET 2 โ€” Physical Change (Heating โ†’ Expansion)

R: The air inside the container expands when heated.
O: The pressure inside the container increases.
Task: Use the scaffold to explain O in terms of R.
Scaffold:
R. As a result, O.
Reveal Answer Key

The air inside the container expands. As a result, the pressure inside the container increases.

Pattern 3: Conjunction (hence)

SET 3 โ€” Chemical Change (Precipitate Formation)

R: Calcium ions combine with carbonate ions to form an insoluble solid.
O: A cloudy white precipitate appears in the solution.
Task: Use the scaffold to explain O in terms of R.
Scaffold:
R hence O.
Reveal Answer Key

Calcium ions combine with carbonate ions to form an insoluble solid, hence a cloudy white precipitate appears in the solution.

Pattern 4: Preposition (Due to)

SET 4 โ€” Physical Change (Cooling โ†’ Condensation)

R: The water vapour cools rapidly when it touches a cold surface.
O: Tiny droplets of liquid water form.
Task: Use the scaffold to explain O in terms of R.
Scaffold:
Due to nomR, O.
Reveal Answer Key
nomR: The rapid cooling of warm water vapour on contact with a cold surface.

Due to the rapid cooling of warm water vapour on contact with a cold surface, tiny droplets of liquid water form.

Pattern 5: Verb (nomR causes nomO)

SET 5 โ€” Chemical Change (Combustion)

R: The methane gas undergoes rapid combustion in oxygen.
O: A bright flame is produced.
Task: Use the scaffold to explain O in terms of R.
Scaffold:
nomR causes nomO.
Reveal Answer Key
nomR: The rapid combustion of methane gas in oxygen.
nomO: The production of a bright flame.

The rapid combustion of methane gas in oxygen causes the production of a bright flame.

Pattern 6: Noun (The result of nomR is nomO)

SET 6 โ€” Physical Change (Dissolving โ†’ Colour Fading)

R: The food colouring spreads evenly through the water.
O: The colour becomes lighter throughout the water.
Task: Use the scaffold to explain O in terms of R.
Scaffold:
The result of nomR is nomO.
Reveal Answer Key
nomR: The even spreading of food colouring through the water.
nomO: The lightening of colour throughout the water.

The result of the even spreading of food colouring through the water is the lightening of colour throughout the water.

Pattern 7: Conjunction (O because R)

SET 7 โ€” Chemical Change (Acid + Metal โ†’ Gas)

R: The acid dissolves part of the magnesium.
O: Hydrogen gas is released.
Task: Use the scaffold to explain O in terms of R.
Scaffold:
O because R.
Reveal Answer Key

Hydrogen gas is released because the acid dissolves part of the magnesium.

Pattern 8: Verb (nomO results from nomR)

SET 8 โ€” Physical Change (Heating โ†’ Melting)

R: The wax softens and begins to melt.
O: A pool of liquid wax forms.
Task: Use the scaffold to explain O in terms of R.
Scaffold:
nomO results from nomR.
Reveal Answer Key
nomR: The softening and melting of the solid wax.
nomO: The formation of a pool of liquid wax.

The formation of a pool of liquid wax results from the softening and melting of the solid wax.

Pattern 9: Noun (The reason for nomO is nomR)

SET 9 โ€” Chemical Change (Oxidation โ†’ Rust Formation)

R: The iron undergoes oxidation in the presence of oxygen and moisture.
O: A reddish brown rust layer forms on the surface of the iron.
Task: Use the scaffold to explain O in terms of R.
Scaffold:
The reason for nomO is nomR.
Reveal Answer Key
nomR: The oxidation of iron in the presence of oxygen and moisture.
nomO: The formation of a reddish brown rust layer.

The reason for the formation of a reddish brown rust layer is the oxidation of iron in the presence of oxygen and moisture.