PC-Science-and-language

✍️ Introduction

• 1. PC-Science-and-language introduction
  • 1.1. Suggested reading

💎 Rocks

• 1. Rocks: Verbs → Nouns
  • 1.1. Example
  • 1.2. Igneous rocks
  • 1.3. Sedimentary rocks
  • 1.4. Metamorphic rocks
• 2. Rocks: Verbs → Nouns 2
  • 2.1. Example
  • 2.2. Igneous rocks
  • 2.3. Sedimentary rocks
  • 2.4. Metamorphic rocks
• 3. Rocks: Action Processes
  • 3.1. Material Processes — doing, happening
  • 3.2. Action Verbs
  • 3.3. Igneous rocks: Action processes
• 4. Rocks: Prepositional Phrases
• 5. Rocks: Adding circumstances
  • 5.1. Example

🌋 Earth

• 1. Earth: Verbs → Nouns
  • 1.1. Example
• 2. Earth: Verbs → Nouns 2
  • 2.1. Examples
• 3. Earth: Verb and Nominalisation Sentence Pairs
• 4. Earth: Adding circumstances
  • 4.1. Prepositional phrases as circumstances
  • 4.2. Example mobility test
  • 4.3. Igneous rock circumstances
  • 4.4. Sedemetary Rock circumstances
  • 4.5. Metamorphic Rock circumstances
• 5. Earth: Adding circumstances
  • 5.1. Example
• 6. Plate Tectonics: Matching Circumstances

🧪 States of Matter and Mixtures

• 1. States and Mixtures: Verbs → Nouns
  • 1.1. Example
• 2. Mixtures: Verbs → Nouns 2
  • 2.1. Examples
• 3. Mixtures: Verbs → Nouns 3
  • 3.1. Examples

✏️ Language features

• 1. Nominal Groups
  • 1.1. Nominal Group
  • 1.2. Building the Nominal Group
  • 1.3. Identifying parts of a nominal group
  • 1.4. Making nominal groups
  • 1.5. Tectonic Classification Exercise
  • 1.6. Adding Describers
• 2. Clauses
  • 2.1. 1. Independent Clauses
  • 2.2. 2. Dependent Clauses
  • 2.3. 3. Non-finite Clauses
  • 2.4. 1. Relative Clauses
  • 2.5. 5. Interrupting Clauses (Embedded)
  • 2.6. 6. Embedded Participle Clauses as Participants ( - ing )
  • 2.7. 7. Embedded Clauses as Participants (to / because / when)
• 3. Sentences
  • 3.1. 1. Simple Sentence
  • 3.2. 2. Compound Sentence
  • 3.3. 3. Complex Sentence
  • 3.4. 4. Compound-Complex Sentence
  • 3.5. Summary Table
• 4. Complex Sentences
  • 4.1. Complex Sentence
  • 4.2. Cause and Effect Conjunctions in Science
• 5. Active - Passive
  • 5.1. Participant Shifts in Active and Passive Voice
  • 5.2. Transforming Scientific Writing
  • 5.3. Examples of Active and Passive Voice
• 6. Sequential explanations
  • 6.1. Example
  • 6.2. Stages and Phases in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)
  • 6.3. Stages and Phases of a Sequential Explanation
  • 6.4. How Ice Changes from Solid to Liquid
• 7. Marked Themes
  • 7.1. 1. Foregrounding the Cause or Condition
  • 7.2. 2. Highlighting Important Circumstances
  • 7.3. 3. Organising Logical Relations Clearly
• 8. Stages and Phases
  • 8.1. Stages
  • 8.2. Phases
• 9. Genre: Procedure
• 10. Grammatical metaphor
  • 10.1. The most common type: Ideational
  • 10.2. Other common metaphor types
  • 10.3. Why science uses it
  • 10.4. Before and after example

🔧 Nominalisation

• 1. Nominalisation of Verbs
  • 1.1. Process → Participant
  • 1.2. Why science uses this pattern

⏱️ Circumstances

• 1. Language Resources for Circumstances
• 2. Circumstance Types and Subtypes
• 3. Manner Circumstances in Earth Science

🧷 Qualifiers

• 1. Qualifiers: prepositional phrases
  • 1.1. Building Precise Noun Groups
  • 1.2. Exmples of Prepositional phrases functioning as Qualifiers
  • 1.3. Matching Qualifiers to the head noun
  • 1.4. Common prepositions of Place / Position
  • 1.5. Common prepositions of Movement / Direction
  • 1.6. Common prepositions of Possession / Relation
  • 1.7. Common prepositions of Topic / Reference
  • 1.8. Common prepositions of Addition / Exception
  • 1.9. Mixed prepositional phrase qualifiers

⚙️ Cause Effect

• 1. Cause and Effect Patterns
  • 1.1. R → O Cause-Effect Construction
  • 1.2. O → R Effect-Cause Construction
  • 1.3. Nominalised Patterns
  • 1.4. Combining nomO → nomR
  • 1.5. Patterns
  • 1.6. More patterns
• 2. Cause and effect examples
• 3. Cause and effect questions

🤔👀🧩 PRO

• 1. PRO Paragraph Structures
  • 1.1. Worked Example: PRO Paragraph
  • 1.2. PRO Paragraph Checklist

🧪👉 Information Reports

• 1. Information Reports
• 2. Descriptive Report
• 3. Classifying Report
• 4. Compositional Report
• 5. Comparative Report

🧪👉 Procedures

• 1. Procedures: Transitivity
  • 1.1. Procedures
  • 1.2. Lighting the Bunsen burner
  • 1.3. Transitivity Analysis
  • 1.4. Step 1: identify the processes.
  • 1.5. Step 2: Identify the participants
  • 1.6. Step 3: Identify the circumstances
  • 1.7. Heating a test tube
  • 1.8. Step 1: identify the processes.
  • 1.9. Step 2: Identify the participants
  • 1.10. Step 3: Identify the circumstances
  • 1.11. Heating Zinc Oxide
  • 1.12. Reaction: hydrochloric acid with magnesium ribbon
  • 1.13. Reaction: lead(II) nitrate with potassium iodide
• 2. Report to Procedure
  • 2.1. Converting a Report to a Procedure
  • 2.2. Report to a Procedure
• 3. Procedures: Dependent clauses
  • 3.1. Dependent clauses as circumstances and their Purpose
• 4. Procedures: Time
  • 4.1. Subordinate Conjunctions of Time
  • 4.2. When? (Point in Time / Sequence)
  • 4.3. How Long? (Duration / Simultaneity)
  • 4.4. How Often? (Frequency / Recurrence)
• 5. Procedures: Manner
  • 5.1. Subordinate Conjunctions of Manner
  • 5.2. Conjunctions of Means (The “How”)
  • 5.3. Conjunctions of Comparison (“How Like?”)
• 6. Procedures: Cause
  • 6.1. Subordinate Conjunctions of Cause
  • 6.2. Conjunctions of Reason (The “Why”)
  • 6.3. As vs. Since vs. Because
  • 6.4. Conjunctions of Purpose (The Goal)
• 7. Procedures: Condition
  • 7.1. Subordinate Conjunctions of Condition

🧪🎯 Prac Experiment Sections

• 1. Accuracy and Precision
• 2. Practical Aims
  • 2.1. Aims
  • 2.2. Example Aim
• 3. Aims: Nominalisation
  • 3.1. Key linguistic features
  • 3.2. Key Patterns
  • 3.3. Mapping: “How” → Variable
  • 3.4. Explanation of Terms in Column 2

🧪⚖️ Prac Ethics

• 1. Ethics: General Principles
  • 1.1. General Ethical Principles
• 2. Ethics: Honesty
  • 2.1. Examples
• 3. Ethics: Fairness
  • 3.1. Examples
• 4. Ethics: Respect for Others
  • 4.1. Examples
• 5. Ethics: Avoidance of Harm
  • 5.1. Examples
• 6. Ethics: Doing Good
  • 6.1. Examples

🧪⛔ Prac Errors

• 1. Types of Errors in Scientific Experiments
  • 1.1. How to Analyse Any Error: A Four-Step Framework
  • 1.2. Quick Reference: Error Source to Classification to Fix

🧪⛔ Prac Systematic Errors

• 1. Systematic Errors
• 2. Zero Error
  • 2.1. Examples
  • 2.2. Effects
  • 2.3. Improvements
• 3. Calibration Error
  • 3.1. Examples
  • 3.2. Effects
  • 3.3. Improvements
• 4. Parallax Error
  • 4.1. Examples
  • 4.2. Effects
  • 4.3. Improvements
• 5. Method Limitation
  • 5.1. Examples
  • 5.2. Effects
  • 5.3. Improvements
• 6. Environmental Bias
  • 6.1. Examples
  • 6.2. Effects
  • 6.3. Improvements

🧪⛔ Prac Random Errors

• 1. Random Errors
• 2. Resolution Limitation
  • 2.1. Examples
  • 2.2. Effects
  • 2.3. Improvements
• 3. Minor Technique Variation
  • 3.1. Examples
  • 3.2. Effects
  • 3.3. Improvements
• 4. Environmental Variation
  • 4.1. Examples
  • 4.2. Effects
  • 4.3. Improvements

🧪⛔ Prac Personal Errors

• 1. Personal Errors
• 2. Operator Error
  • 2.1. Examples
  • 2.2. Effects
  • 2.3. Improvements
• 3. Recording Error
  • 3.1. Examples
  • 3.2. Effects
  • 3.3. Improvements

🧪 Chemistry

• 1. PRO Physical Changes: declarative premise
• 2. PRO Physical Changes: empirical premise
• 3. PRO Physical Changes: Declarative Premise Scaffold
• 4. PRO Chemical Changes
• 5. PRO Chemical Changes: simplify